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In an About-Face, Sunnis Want U.S. to
Remain in Iraq
The New York Time
Published: July 17, 2006
BAGHDAD, Iraq, July 16 —
As sectarian violence soars, many Sunni Arab political and religious
leaders once staunchly opposed to the American presence here are now
saying they need American troops to protect them from the rampages of
Shiite militias and Shiite-run government forces.
The pleas from the Sunni Arab leaders have been growing in intensity since
an eruption of sectarian bloodletting in February, but they have reached a
new pitch in recent days as Shiite militiamen have brazenly shot dead
groups of Sunni civilians in broad daylight in Baghdad and other mixed
areas of central Iraq.
The Sunnis also view the Americans as a “bulwark against Iranian actions
here,” a senior American diplomat said. Sunni politicians have made their
viewpoints known to the Americans through informal discussions in recent
weeks.
The Sunni Arab leaders say they have no newfound love for the Americans.
Many say they still sympathize with the insurgency and despise the Bush
administration and the fact that the invasion has helped strengthen the
power of neighboring Iran, which backs the ruling Shiite parties.
But the Sunni leaders have dropped demands for a quick withdrawal of
American troops. Many now ask for little more than a timetable. A few
Sunni leaders even say they want more American soldiers on the ground to
help contain the widening chaos.
The new stance is one of the most significant shifts in attitude since the
war began. It could influence White House plans for a reduction of the
134,000 troops here and help the Americans expand dialogue with elements
of the insurgency. But the budding accommodation is already stirring a
reaction among the Shiites, who make up about 60 percent of the population
but were brutally ruled for decades by the Sunnis.
In Adhamiya, a neighborhood in north Baghdad, Sunni insurgents once fought
street to street with American troops. Now, mortars fired by Shiite
militias rain down several times a week, and armed watch groups have set
up barricades to stop drive-by attacks by black-clad Shiite fighters. So
when an American convoy rolled in recently, a remarkable message rang out
from the loudspeakers of the Abu Hanifa Mosque, where Saddam Hussein made
his last public appearance before the fall of Baghdad in 2003.
“The American Army is coming with the Iraqi Army — do not shoot,” the
voice said, echoing through streets still filled with supporters of Mr.
Hussein. “They are here to help you.”
Sheik Abdul Wahab al-Adhami, an imam at the mosque, said later in an
interview: “Look at what the militias are doing even while we have the
American forces here. Imagine what would happen if they left.”
Even in Sunni-dominated Anbar Province, where insurgents are carrying out
a vicious guerrilla war against foreign troops, a handful of leaders are
asking American commanders to rein in Iraqi paramilitary units. Sheiks in
Falluja often complain to American officers there of harassment, raids or
indiscriminate shooting by Iraqi forces.
A year ago, the party of Tariq al-Hashemi, a hard-line Sunni Arab who is
one of Iraq’s two vice presidents, was calling for the immediate
withdrawal of foreign troops.
“The situation is different now,” Mr. Hashemi said. “I don’t want the
Americans to say bye-bye. Tomorrow, if they were to leave the country,
there would be a security vacuum, and that would lead inevitably to civil
war.”
Zalmay Khalilzad, the American ambassador to Iraq, has been at the
forefront of American efforts to bring Sunni Arabs into the political
process. Part of that strategy is to crack down on Shiite militias and
push for amnesty for some guerrillas.
This month the American military has stepped up operations against the
Mahdi Army, a volatile Shiite militia, and the top American commander,
Gen. George W. Casey Jr., said last Wednesday that the Americans would
hunt down “death squads” that are a driving force behind the rising
bloodshed.
Some Shiite leaders deride the American policy toward Sunnis as
appeasement. “This strategy will destroy their goal of establishing
democracy in Iraq,” said Abbas al-Bayati, a prominent Shiite legislator.
“Compromising with the insurgency will encourage the insurgents to do more
and more violence in the region.”
Investigations into possible wrongdoing by American troops in two major
cases — the deaths of 24 civilians in Haditha last November, and the rape
and murder of a 14-year-old girl and the killing of her family in
Mahmudiya in March — have ignited anger among Sunnis, but not nearly to
the same degree as they might have in 2004, when the Abu Ghraib prisoner
scandal emerged. But back then, Iraq had not crept to the brink of
full-scale civil war.
Of much greater concern
now is the massacre of up to 50 Sunni civilians in the Jihad neighborhood
of Baghdad on the morning of July 9, when Shiite militiamen dragged people
from cars and homes and shot them in the head. Some families fled the area
for a makeshift tent camp in the backyard of a mosque.
“The problem is that
American crimes are only a hundredth of the crimes committed by the
militias,” said Omar al-Jubouri, the human rights officer for the Iraqi
Islamic Party, a powerful Sunni group that still considers itself the
vanguard of political resistance to the Americans. “It’s like one hair
compared to all the other hairs on a camel.”
“We want to tell the American people to increase the presence of the
Americans here, to control the situation,” he added.
Sunni Arab leaders in the strife-ridden neighborhood of Dawra recently
secured an explicit agreement with Shiite-led commandos based there that
says the Iraqi forces will not raid a Sunni mosque or private home without
being accompanied by American forces. A new brigade of Iraqi forces has
just moved in, and the Sunnis are likely to try to reach the same
agreement with them.
A similar but more informal agreement exists in Adhamiya. Leaders of the
Sunni Endowment, an Iraqi organization that helps administer Sunni
mosques, say they have asked the Iraqi prime minister, Nuri Kamal al-Maliki,
to extend the Dawra agreement to all of Baghdad.
“If the Iraqi forces come without American soldiers, people will shoot at
them, because we’ll know they’re militias,” said Sheik Akrim al-Dulaimi,
the head imam of the Holy Mecca Mosque in Dawra. “Civilians don’t trust
the government.”
The Sunni fear of militias and government forces — and a growing affinity
for American soldiers — extends to other mixed areas of Iraq.
In Diyala Province, Sunni fighters and members of the Mahdi Army battle
regularly. The town of Muqdadiya there is an epicenter of sectarian
killings. Last Wednesday, at least 20 people were abducted from a bus
station and later found killed.
In late June, gunmen set afire 17 shops in the town center as the Iraqi
Army stood by, said Hamdi Hassoun, a provincial council member and a Sunni
Arab.
“We have called on the Americans for help, we have called on the prime
minister’s office,” he said. “The infiltration of the police and army is
common.”
But the Americans are slow to give aid, he said. Residents of troubled
areas are seeing fewer American patrols now than a year ago, adding to a
sense of anxiety and lawlessness. “The American forces don’t target those
who are not attacking them,” Mr. Hassoun said. “They don’t care about the
militias unless the militias attack them.”
The Americans insist they are striking at the militias. On July 7,
American and Iraqi troops stormed a building in a Shiite slum in Baghdad,
killing or wounding 30 to 40 gunmen and capturing a high-level Shiite
militia commander. Residents said the man was Abu Deraa, a leader of the
Mahdi Army, which answers to the radical Shiite cleric Moktada al-Sadr.
Maj. Gen. William B. Caldwell IV, a military spokesman, said it was clear
that civilians were suffering heavily from “the activities of these
illegal armed groups through murder, intimidation, kidnappings and
everything else.”
He added, “We’ve made a very conscious decision here in the last few weeks
to deal with them just as severely as we can.”
If the American military continues to press the Mahdi Army, that could win
more support from the Sunni Arabs. Regardless, Sunni leaders appear to be
reaching out more to the Americans, said Mr. Khalilzad, the American
ambassador, in an interview.
After all, he said, the Sunnis finally chose to dive into the political
process by participating in the parliamentary elections of December 2005,
after boycotting an earlier set of elections.
“This is the biggest change that has happened here,” the ambassador said
of the shift in Sunni attitudes toward the American presence in Iraq. “A
lot of Sunnis realized that they made a mistake in not participating in
the elections in January 2005. Now, they are beginning to see the payoff.”
A telling sign of the new dynamic is the growing tension between some
Shiite leaders and the ambassador. When he came to Baghdad a year ago, Mr.
Khalilzad was so warmly embraced by Shiite leaders that they often
referred to him by a Shiite nickname, Abu Ali. Now, the same Shiites refer
to him as Abu Omar, a Sunni nickname.
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